What You are to learn in This Lesson (a) Gross features of the atom.   An atom is present at the most basic level in everything we see around us. In fact, atoms compose every living organism. Matter makes up every non-living thing around us such as tables, chairs, water, etc. But the building blocks of matter ….  Read More

      What is the Periodic Table? Why is Periodic Table Made? The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in accordance with their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. They are assorted in a tabular arrangement wherein a row is a period and a column is a ….  Read More

          Modern Periodic Table in Chemistry      Modern Periodic Law Definition The modern Periodic law can be stated as: “The physical and chemical properties of the elements that are periodic functions of their atomic numbers”. The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons or protons in a neutral ….  Read More

  Oxidation and Reduction Reactions     Oxidation means gaining oxygen in a chemical reaction We will be looking at oxidation and reduction from two different points of view. The chemical reactions which involve the transfer of electrons from one chemical substance to another. These electron-transfer reactions are termed as oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions. These reactions are ….  Read More

  Chemical Reaction: Symbols, formulae and equations in Stoichemistry and Chemical Reactions.   Figuring out the ratios in which different substances or elements react to one another. The laws of conservation of mass, energy, and weights or volumes serve as the foundation for the rules used to determine stoichiometric relationships. Chemical Stoichiometry refers to the quantitative study ….  Read More

  Chemical Reaction: Chemical Symbol.       How do chess players monitor their moves in a game? Suppose you were walking along and noticed a piece of paper on the ground with markings on it. You pick it up and see the paper in the picture above. To most people, these notes are meaningless ….  Read More

Structure  of The Atom     The atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged particles called electrons revolve around the centre of the nucleus.     The history of atomic structure and quantum mechanics dates back to the times of Democritus, the person who first proposed ….  Read More

  Structure of the Atom. Dalton’s Atomic Theory and Limitations   It’s amazing to think about how life evolved on this planet. Ever since our existence on this planet, Men’s  brain has been curious to understand nature. This curiosity has been the mother of all inventions. There have been a number of theories to predict ….  Read More

    Ever wondered how forensic scientists analyze the smallest of ounces of evidence they find in a crime scene? Well, with the help of mass spectrometry you can even find out about the different isotopes associated with that element. Let us learn a bit more about Mass Spectrometry.   Mass spectrometry is an indispensable ….  Read More

      Meaning and representation in symbols of atoms and sub-atomic particles The atom is the smallest part of matter that represents a particular element. For quite a while, the atom was thought to be the smallest part of matter that could exist. But in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of ….  Read More

     Mass Volume Relationship   How much azide is needed to fill an air bag? Cars and many other vehicles have air bags in them. In case of a collision, a reaction is triggered so that the rapid decomposition of sodium azide produces nitrogen gas, filling the air bag. If too little sodium azide is ….  Read More

 Area of Concentration   Carbon and Its Compound Structure of the atom- Introduction. Periodic table in History  

  Acids, Bases and Salts Why everything tastes so differently? Why lemon is tangy and mango is sweet? This is because of different percentage of acids, bases, and salts in their chemical composition. Let’s learn how these can be characterized, understanding the concepts by Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis etc.     Experimental Definitions Earlier, acids, ….  Read More

Basic Properties of Acids   You probably think of acid as a dangerous substance. But did you know that you consume acid every day? Most of the food that you eat is acidic in nature. For example, lemon is acidic in nature. However, there are a few food items that are basic in nature. How ….  Read More

    Physical and Chemical Properties of Acids, and Bases     What are Acids and Bases? Acids are chemical substances which are characterized by a sour taste in an aqueous medium. They have the tendency to turn blue litmus red. On the other hand, bases are chemical substances which are characterized by a bitter taste and ….  Read More

Show that Acids, Bases, and Salts are Electrolytes   Objective  To show that acids, bases, and salts are electrolytes.   Theory Acids Acids are a class of substances characterized by their ability to donate protons (hydrogen ions, H+) to other substances. They are often defined as proton donors and typically have a sour taste. Acids ….  Read More

    Electrolysis     we have described various galvanic cells in which a spontaneous chemical reaction is used to generate electrical energy. In an electrolytic cell, however, the opposite process, called electrolysis, occurs: an external voltage is applied to drive a nonspontaneous reaction (Figure 19.1.1). In this section, we look at how electrolytic cells are ….  Read More

    Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis. All around us, a number of elements and substances are present, each with their own properties and ability to react with other elements. While we talk about electrolysis, it is amazing to imagine how something as simple as an electric current can alter the composition of an element. When ….  Read More

  Principles of Electrolysis     cathode. There they absorb two electrons (reduction) and elemental zinc (Zn) is formed at the cathode. A reverse reaction of the elementary zinc is prevented by a uniform decomposition voltage and thus a constant excess of electrons at the cathode.               As you ….  Read More

  Electrolytic Cells   Lessons in this topic will include : Comparison of electrolytic and electrochemical cells; weak and strong electrolyte.     What is an Electrolytic Cell? An electrolytic cell can be defined as an electrochemical device that uses electrical energy to facilitate a non-spontaneous redox reaction. Electrolytic cells are electrochemical cells that can be used ….  Read More

    Electrolysis: Factors Influencing Discharge of Species.   Selective Discharge of Ions: Electrolysis is a process employed to separate an ionic compound into its ions. The ionic compound is taken in an electrolytic cell comprising a positively charged anode and a negatively charged cathode. The cations that are positively charged species move towards the cathode, ….  Read More

    Faraday’s Law on Electrolysis     Electrolysis is the use of electric current to stimulate a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. In electrolysis, an electric current is passed through an electrolytic solution to stimulate the flow of ions to bring about a chemical change. An electrolyte is a liquid (or generally salt solution of metal) ….  Read More

      Simple Calculations Based on Faraday’s Laws     A recap based on our last lesson   What is an Electrolytic Cell? The electrochemical cell which facilitates a chemical reaction through the induction of electrical energy is known as an electrolytic cell. This process of carrying out non-spontaneous reactions under the influence of ….  Read More

            Air What is Air? Air is a mixture of gases – nitrogen, oxygen, carbon(IV) oxide, water vapor and noble gases. The following observations confirm air to be a mixture: – the composition of air is not quite constant. Variations in composition have been found when samples of air are ….  Read More

                                   Component of Air     The mixture of gases that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere is known as air. Nitrogen makes up 78 % of this gas, which is mixed with oxygen (21%), water vapour (variable), argon (0.9 ….  Read More

       Hydrogen   Symbol H Atomic Number 1 Atomic Mass 1.008 Discovered by Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendish Physical Properties of Hydrogen Group 1 Melting point −259.16°C, −434.49°F, 13.99 K Period 1 Boiling point −252.879°C, −423.182°F, 20.271 K Block s Density (g cm−3) 0.000082 Atomic number 1 Relative atomic mass 1.008 State ….  Read More

         Oxygen   Symbol O Atomic Number 8 Atomic Mass 15.999 g.mol-1 Discovered by Joseph Priestly in 1774       Chemical Properties of Oxygen Group 16 Melting point -219 °c Period 2 Boiling point -183 °c Block p Density (g cm−3) 0.001308 Atomic number 8 Relative atomic mass 15.999 State at ….  Read More

         Air- Nitrogen   Nitrogen is a crucial component of the air we breathe. Let me share some interesting facts about nitrogen and its role in Earth’s atmosphere: Composition of Air: Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the air in Earth’s atmosphere. The other major components include: Oxygen (21%) Argon (0.93%) Carbon dioxide (0.04%) Small amounts of other gases12. ….  Read More

      Compounds Although the other applications are important, by far the greatest bulk of elemental nitrogen is consumed in the manufacture of nitrogen compounds. The triple bond between atoms in the nitrogen molecules is so strong (226 kilocalories per mole, more than twice that of molecular hydrogen) that it is difficult to cause molecular nitrogen to ….  Read More

  Introduction to Sulphur   An Introduction to Sulphur Sulphur is a non-metallic chemical element identified by the letter S. For a list of sulphur’s chemical properties, please click here. Sulphur is a valuable commodity and integral component of the world economy used to manufacture numerous products including fertilizers and other chemicals. For a list of ….  Read More

      To HA’YHWH 🛐HA’ELOYIHM🛐BE THE GLORY 🛐 AS We HIS Pupil Study today. IN AMIN🛐 AND IN AMEN🛐 HA’YHWH 🛐 YESHUA 🛐 HAMASCHIAC 🛐. Response: Amin and Amen- HA’YHWH 🛐YESHUA 🛐 HAMASCHIAC 🛐   Compound of Sulphur Compound of sulphur; (iii) Trioxosulphate (IV) acids and its salts; (iv) Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid: industrial preparation, ….  Read More

  Ionic theory and electrolysis.   Specific objectives: Ionic theory and electrolysis. At the end of the lesson the student should be able to State the difference between electrovalent and covalent compounds. Explain ionic theory and demonstrate the movement of ions with examples. Differentiate Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; strong and weak electrolytes. Define and explain the ….  Read More

    Prayer TO HA’HASHEM🛐 ON SCHOOL Lessons 👇 May HA’HASHEM🛐BE PRAISED🛐  IN Our WORSHIP 🛐.AndMay HE🛐 In HIS🛐 Infinite Mercy🛐 Remember Us, and Grant us ; both The Teacher and Students Ability  to understand this subjects, as HE🛐 Teaches Us all through Our teacher, In HASHEM 🛐 HA’ADONAI 🛐 SON 🛐 HA’YHWH 🛐 YESHUA ….  Read More

    Prayer TO HA’HASHEM🛐 ON  This SCHOOL Lessons 👇 May HA’YHWH🛐 HA’HASHEM🛐 ELOYIHM 🛐BE PRAISED🛐  IN Our WORSHIP 🛐. AndMay HE🛐 In HIS🛐 Infinite Mercy🛐 Remember Us, and Grant us ; both The Teacher and Students Ability  to understand this subjects, as HE🛐 Teaches Us all, through Our teacher,  May HE🛐 also, KINDLY  PLEASE🙏🙏Remind ….  Read More