What You are to learn in This Lesson (a) Gross features of the atom.   An atom is present at the most basic level in everything we see around us. In fact, atoms compose every living organism. Matter makes up every non-living thing around us such as tables, chairs, water, etc. But the building blocks of matter ….  Read More

      What is the Periodic Table? Why is Periodic Table Made? The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in accordance with their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. They are assorted in a tabular arrangement wherein a row is a period and a column is a ….  Read More

          Modern Periodic Table in Chemistry      Modern Periodic Law Definition The modern Periodic law can be stated as: “The physical and chemical properties of the elements that are periodic functions of their atomic numbers”. The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons or protons in a neutral ….  Read More

  Oxidation and Reduction Reactions     Oxidation means gaining oxygen in a chemical reaction We will be looking at oxidation and reduction from two different points of view. The chemical reactions which involve the transfer of electrons from one chemical substance to another. These electron-transfer reactions are termed as oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions. These reactions are ….  Read More

  Chemical Reaction: Symbols, formulae and equations in Stoichemistry and Chemical Reactions.   Figuring out the ratios in which different substances or elements react to one another. The laws of conservation of mass, energy, and weights or volumes serve as the foundation for the rules used to determine stoichiometric relationships. Chemical Stoichiometry refers to the quantitative study ….  Read More

  Chemical Reaction: Chemical Symbol.       How do chess players monitor their moves in a game? Suppose you were walking along and noticed a piece of paper on the ground with markings on it. You pick it up and see the paper in the picture above. To most people, these notes are meaningless ….  Read More

Structure  of The Atom     The atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged particles called electrons revolve around the centre of the nucleus.     The history of atomic structure and quantum mechanics dates back to the times of Democritus, the person who first proposed ….  Read More

  Structure of the Atom. Dalton’s Atomic Theory and Limitations   It’s amazing to think about how life evolved on this planet. Ever since our existence on this planet, Men’s  brain has been curious to understand nature. This curiosity has been the mother of all inventions. There have been a number of theories to predict ….  Read More

    Ever wondered how forensic scientists analyze the smallest of ounces of evidence they find in a crime scene? Well, with the help of mass spectrometry you can even find out about the different isotopes associated with that element. Let us learn a bit more about Mass Spectrometry.   Mass spectrometry is an indispensable ….  Read More

      Meaning and representation in symbols of atoms and sub-atomic particles The atom is the smallest part of matter that represents a particular element. For quite a while, the atom was thought to be the smallest part of matter that could exist. But in the latter part of the 19th century and early part of ….  Read More

     Mass Volume Relationship   How much azide is needed to fill an air bag? Cars and many other vehicles have air bags in them. In case of a collision, a reaction is triggered so that the rapid decomposition of sodium azide produces nitrogen gas, filling the air bag. If too little sodium azide is ….  Read More

 Area of Concentration   Carbon and Its Compound Structure of the atom- Introduction. Periodic table in History  

  Acids, Bases and Salts Why everything tastes so differently? Why lemon is tangy and mango is sweet? This is because of different percentage of acids, bases, and salts in their chemical composition. Let’s learn how these can be characterized, understanding the concepts by Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis etc.     Experimental Definitions Earlier, acids, ….  Read More

Basic Properties of Acids   You probably think of acid as a dangerous substance. But did you know that you consume acid every day? Most of the food that you eat is acidic in nature. For example, lemon is acidic in nature. However, there are a few food items that are basic in nature. How ….  Read More

    Physical and Chemical Properties of Acids, and Bases     What are Acids and Bases? Acids are chemical substances which are characterized by a sour taste in an aqueous medium. They have the tendency to turn blue litmus red. On the other hand, bases are chemical substances which are characterized by a bitter taste and ….  Read More

Show that Acids, Bases, and Salts are Electrolytes   Objective  To show that acids, bases, and salts are electrolytes.   Theory Acids Acids are a class of substances characterized by their ability to donate protons (hydrogen ions, H+) to other substances. They are often defined as proton donors and typically have a sour taste. Acids ….  Read More